Military Forts and Voluntary Observers Database

Go to GIS station map
This interactive map of 19th-century station locations shows if quality control was completed and color-coded by the stations' first year of data. Includes Alaska.

Weather data from 450 US stations, operating from 1820 to 1892, were digitized, and over 350 of these stations underwent quality control with NOAA Climate Data Base Modernization (CDMP) funding. This website provides information about 19th-century forts and the Voluntary Observers database, known as FORTS data.

The U.S. Army forts recorded daily weather observations starting in the early 1800s. In the mid-to-late 1800s, volunteer observer networks were managed by the Smithsonian Institution and the U.S. Department of Agriculture. These station networks eventually evolved into the Weather Bureau's Cooperative Observer Network, which continues to collect data for the National Weather Service today.

These data connect recent instrument records and paleoclimate records, such as tree ring reconstructions. The National Archives and Records Administration houses records from the 1800s on microfilm. These records have been scanned and indexed and are available online through the National Center for Environmental Information (NCEI) and offline from the MRCC service office. For more information, please refer to the image inventory page.

Thirty-nine distinct data types were identified for digitization. These include various observations such as temperature, pressure, precipitation, wind, cloud cover, weather conditions, river gauge height, and surface water temperature.

To ensure accuracy, a series of quality quality control tests and procedures were applied to much of the digitized data confirming that it accurately reflects the observations recorded in the original documents.

A comprehensive set of metadata was created to enhance the data set. This metadata documents changes in instrumentation and observation practices by tracking modifications in the forms used by observers. It includes detailed information about each station, such as the station name, location, barometer corrections, and other instrument adjustments, whenever available.

The following is currently available through this website:

  • Access the MRCC FORTS Data Download for downloading both quality-controlled data by station in daily .CSV format (including data and metadata) and Forts Data 3200 (or 3297) format. Non-quality-controlled data are also available, but should note the MRCC data disclaimer below
  • A monthly inventory of all images by month and year available for each station, as available in the NOAA EV2 web archive, showing the extent and completeness of records for each station.
  • A list of stations selected for keying the daily weather data shows the current status of the Project, including stations for which keying is complete.
  • A list of stations indicating the completeness of keying and quality control and whether the data are available.
  • A compilation of sample standard forms used in the 19th Century allows for searching based on desired weather observation types or periods.
  • Observation histories for selected stations in PDF format. for selected stations in PDF format. These histories include maps of the observation stations, photos, illustrations, and a chronology of locations and elevations.

Data Disclaimer

The 19th Century Weather Data (CDMP FORTS) is provided solely for research and informational purposes.

Users should note the following important points:

  • Data Limitations: This dataset may present integration challenges with existing datasets due to differences in site locations, instrumentation, and observation schedules. The data are provided as-is, without further modification.
  • Quality Control: Several quality control processes have been applied to these datasets, however not all stations have been quality controlled. Users are encouraged to review our Quality Control Status page for more information
  • Attribution: Users are asked to properly reference the Midwest Regional Climate Center (MRCC) in any reports or articles that utilize these data.

Using these data, you acknowledge these limitations and agree to use them responsibly, considering their historical context and the quality control measures implemented.